CRISPR technology targets mood-boosting receptors in brain

An estimated 13 percent of Americans take antidepressant drugs for depression, anxiety, chronic pain or sleep problems. For the 14 million Americans who have clinical depression, roughly one third don't find relief with antidepressants.

But now, researchers at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis and Sage Therapeutics in Boston are trying a different approach to alleviatedepression. Most antidepressant drugs target serotonin receptors, aiming to boost serotonin, a chemical thought to regulate mood and social behavior. Using CRISPR technology, the scientists have been able to target an altogether different type of receptor called delta-type GABA receptors. They think that natural mood-boosting substances in the brain can target these receptors.

The research is available online in TheJournal of Neuroscience.

"There's a real need to develop more effective antidepressants," said principal investigator Steven Mennerick, professor of psychiatry. "The most commonly prescribed antidepressant drugs—such as Prozac, Paxil and Zoloft—were approved by the FDA more than 30 years ago, and there's been a dearth of newantidepressantssince then. A completely new approach is warranted."

That new approach involves targeting GABA receptors with substances called neurosteroids, chemicals that occur naturally in the brain and are involved in emotional and motivational brain networks. The research was conducted through the university's Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, which was established in 2013 to develop new drugs for depression and other psychiatric illnesses.

"Neurosteroids are thought to selectively interact with delta-type receptors, and there's evidence that those drugs may help patients suffering from depression," said Mennerick, who also is the scientific director of the Taylor Family Institute.

There is an "alphabet soup" of GABA receptor subtypes on brain cells. Targeting the delta-type GABA receptor could help alleviate depression because GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, may help slow down some of the cognitive processes that lead to overwhelming and negative thoughts and feelings. Some types of GABA receptors have been linked to anxiety, but although many scientists have looked at the receptors as potential targets for depression, developing compounds that selectively bind to specific types of GABA receptors has complicated the search.

In the new research, Mennerick and his colleagues focused on GABA receptors located on neurons in the brain's hippocampus, a part of the brain involved in learning and memory. Using CRISPR, they mutated the delta-type GABA receptors to isolate and test their role in brain functioning.

早期的研究涉及泰勒家人研究所scientists and carried forward in human trials by Sage Therapeutics suggested that targeting these receptors could alleviate symptoms of depression in women suffering from severe postpartum depression.

Last summer,The Lancetpublished results of a Sage-funded trial of the neurosteroid brexanolone as a treatment for postpartum depression. The study of 21 women showed that depression improved significantly in those given thedrug.

Those drug trials did not take place in St. Louis, to avoid conflicts of interest because several Taylor Family Institute researchers serve as scientific advisers for Sage. In the current study, testing the same compound in cell cultures and mice, Mennerick's team is exploring whether the drug works through delta-type GABA receptors.

"The drugs affect GABA receptors, but they also seem to have anti-inflammatory properties," Mennerick said. "We think it may be that special mix of reducing inflammation while activating these receptors that contributes to antidepressant effects."

First author Min-Yu Sun, PhD, a postdoctoral researcher in Mennerick's lab, said the research team next plans to measure the actions of neurosteroids on various GABA receptor subtypes.

"It's very difficult to differentiate among different types of GABA receptors because they share so many common properties," Sun said. "Previously, scientists really had no way to isolate the subtypes, but we can do that with CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology to learn how particular drugs affect individual receptor subtypes."

Mennerick explained that if further studies confirm that activating delta-type receptors has antidepressant effects, a next step would be to develop and test more compounds that activate those receptors. He said the mutant mice give them the tool they need to develop more potent drugs that also are more selective, with fewer side effects.

"We have a catalogue of neurosteroid compounds that our colleagues have been developing over the last 20 years, and any one of them could prove to be an effective antidepressant," he said. "If brexanolone works in postpartum depression mainly through these delta-type receptors, then it may work in other types of depression, too. Eventually, the goal would be to develop ever more potent and selective drugs to interact with those same delta-type receptors."