The insular cortex processes pain and drives learning from pain

The insular cortex processes pain and drives learning from pain
Neurons and their synapses in the mouse brain. Credit: Aiste Baleisyte (EPFL)

Pain is a deterrent that trains organisms to avoid future harmful situations. This is called "threat learning," and helps animals and humans to survive. But which part of the brain actually warns other parts of the brain of painful events so that threat learning can occur?

Researchers have known for a while that a brain area called amygdala is important for threat learning. But now, scientists from the lab of Ralf Schneggenburger at EPFL have discovered that the insularis responsible for sending such warnings. The insular cortex, folded deep within the lateral sulcus of the brain, is known to code for feelings about our own body. Moreover, neurons in the insular cortex connect to neurons in the amygdala, but the function of this brain connection was previously little studied.

The insular cortex is similar between mice and men, so the scientists turned to mice for their study. The researchers used light-activatedthat were genetically engineered into specific neurons in the brains of mice. This allowed them to switch off the electrical activity of neurons in the insular cortex by shining brief pulses of laser light during the threat-learning behavior.

By switching off the insular cortex during the painful event, the scientists found that mice became essentially fearless against a mild electric shock to the foot. In addition, the ability of the mice to learn from the painful event was greatly reduced.

The study demonstrates that, besides informing our brain about bodily states, the insular cortex can send a strong warning signal to otherinvolved in forming a memory of the unpleasant event. "Because silencing the insular cortex takes away the unpleasant feeling normally associated with a painful event, our study suggests thatin the insular cortex cause the subjective feeling of, and induce learning about the pain in other brain areas," says Schneggenburger.

"Because of this, activity in the insular cortex could have powerful consequences on shaping brain connectivity in other brain areas, which fits with studies that show aberrant activity in thein humans with certain psychiatric diseases. Thus, our study of the neuronal mechanisms of how pain is encoded in the—together with future studies of the underlying plasticity mechanisms—might be relevant for the development of treatments for psychiatric diseases such as anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorders."


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更多的信息:拉尔夫Schneggenburger, et al。“岛叶皮质过程sses aversive somatosensory information and is crucial for threat learning"Science16 May 2019.science.sciencemag.org/lookup/ … 1126/science.aaw0474
Journal information: Science

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